These are some action plans formulated for the country's wildlife.
Asian rhino
Asian rhinos: an action plan for their conservation (1989)
The IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group (ARSG) held a meeting at Fraser's Hills, Malaysia in 1982 which aims to critically analyse the Asian rhino distribution, numbers and conservation requirements (Momin Khan, 1989). Then, another meeting was held in Singapore on October 1984 which formed a strategy for captive breeding of the species in Malaysia, Indonesia and European and North American zoos (Momin Khan, 1989). However, Malaysia public posed a strong objection into such strategy which involved the transfer of the species to overseas from Malaysia (Momin Khan, 1989). Hence, there is a need to draft a comprehensive action plan for all three species of Asian rhino which also included captive breeding within conservation objectives. As a result, this action plan was developed after ARSG met in Jakarta in 1986 and Kuala Lumpur in 1987 (Momin Khan, 1989).
Malaysia Rhino Conservation Action Plan (June 1993)
The Rhino Action plan consists of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation (DWNP Peninsular Malaysia et al., 1993). In-situ conservation aims to secure survival and recovery of the viable population through protection and management while ex-situ conservation focus on translocation of the species into viable, 'gene pool' sanctuary or captive (intensive management) facilities and research. This action plan covered the Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia (DWNP Peninsular Malaysia et al., 1993). According to Momin Khan (1989), this action plan was derived from the conservation strategy for Asian rhino species which presented in the Action Plan for Asian Rhino Conservation of the IUCN SSC .
Asian Rhinos-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (1997)
In Malaysia, the Asian Rhinos-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (1997) aims to protect and conserve the population of rhino and its habitat; increase gene pools rhino population for reintroduction purposes; monitor the translocation of rhino; encourage scientific research and its dissemination (Foose & van Strien, 1997). In Peninsular Malaysia, priorities focusing on the gazette of the part of Endau Rompin in Pahang as State Park; habitat evaluation to determine the carrying capacity; management of breeding centre with “gene pool” concept; and the survey for rhino populations in peninsular (Foose & van Strien, 1997). The “gene pool” concept involves the capture of isolated or threatened rhinos for the “sanctuary” or translocation purposes shall be continued (Foose & van Strien, 1997). However, given that the conservation methods in Malaysia tend to be more conservative in addition to the increment of threats to rhino, the number of rhino under the captive breeding programmes has been reduced (Foose & van Strien, 1997). On the other hand, sufficient manpower and facilities should be given and assigned to four rhino areas in Sabah, namely Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Yayasan Sabah Forest Concession (which includes Danum Valley), Lower Kinabatangan, and Damarakot-Tangkulap (Foose & van Strien, 1997). Implementation of public education programs and consideration to create buffer zone should be encouraged likewise (Foose & van Strien, 1997). Researches to locate further breeding populations as well as other isolated individuals shall also be conducted in both Sabah and Sarawak (Foose & van Strien, 1997). However, the current protection and research for the species, as well as the penalisation which imposed to rhino poaching under the Fauna Conservation Ordinance 1963 remained inadequate in Sabah (Foose & van Strien, 1997).
Sabah Rhinoceros Action Plan (2012-2016)
Sabah Rhinoceros Action Plan (2012-2016) focusing on 5 main actions to protect and conserve the remaining population of rhino in Sabah. First, the plan working towards zero poaching considering major wildlife trade “players” and trapping of rhinos, including minimising illegal encroachment into rhino habitats and penalising individuals that set up snares (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Secondly, Borneo Rhino Sanctuary (BRS), a managed and fenced facility to gather rhinos to boost breeding with constant monitoring and care, shall also be established (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Thirdly, the plan suggests a continuing monitoring of rhinos via camera trapping and footprints (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). The plan also recommends researches on population and distribution of rhinos to be conducted and its data to be analysed, including rhino reports at all sites relating to the rescue for translocation to be investigated (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Other form of actions are rhino registry and management decision tree by including and providing available information on both wild and captive rhinos to decide best management, which largely based on the concept of maintaining the caught rhinos and evaluating the captive condition; and build capacity of staff and funding (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Notwithstanding that, the plan shall ensure best use of all rescued, captive and appeared to be non-reproductive rhinos to contribute to the species survival (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c).
The IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group (ARSG) held a meeting at Fraser's Hills, Malaysia in 1982 which aims to critically analyse the Asian rhino distribution, numbers and conservation requirements (Momin Khan, 1989). Then, another meeting was held in Singapore on October 1984 which formed a strategy for captive breeding of the species in Malaysia, Indonesia and European and North American zoos (Momin Khan, 1989). However, Malaysia public posed a strong objection into such strategy which involved the transfer of the species to overseas from Malaysia (Momin Khan, 1989). Hence, there is a need to draft a comprehensive action plan for all three species of Asian rhino which also included captive breeding within conservation objectives. As a result, this action plan was developed after ARSG met in Jakarta in 1986 and Kuala Lumpur in 1987 (Momin Khan, 1989).
Malaysia Rhino Conservation Action Plan (June 1993)
The Rhino Action plan consists of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation (DWNP Peninsular Malaysia et al., 1993). In-situ conservation aims to secure survival and recovery of the viable population through protection and management while ex-situ conservation focus on translocation of the species into viable, 'gene pool' sanctuary or captive (intensive management) facilities and research. This action plan covered the Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia (DWNP Peninsular Malaysia et al., 1993). According to Momin Khan (1989), this action plan was derived from the conservation strategy for Asian rhino species which presented in the Action Plan for Asian Rhino Conservation of the IUCN SSC .
Asian Rhinos-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (1997)
In Malaysia, the Asian Rhinos-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (1997) aims to protect and conserve the population of rhino and its habitat; increase gene pools rhino population for reintroduction purposes; monitor the translocation of rhino; encourage scientific research and its dissemination (Foose & van Strien, 1997). In Peninsular Malaysia, priorities focusing on the gazette of the part of Endau Rompin in Pahang as State Park; habitat evaluation to determine the carrying capacity; management of breeding centre with “gene pool” concept; and the survey for rhino populations in peninsular (Foose & van Strien, 1997). The “gene pool” concept involves the capture of isolated or threatened rhinos for the “sanctuary” or translocation purposes shall be continued (Foose & van Strien, 1997). However, given that the conservation methods in Malaysia tend to be more conservative in addition to the increment of threats to rhino, the number of rhino under the captive breeding programmes has been reduced (Foose & van Strien, 1997). On the other hand, sufficient manpower and facilities should be given and assigned to four rhino areas in Sabah, namely Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Yayasan Sabah Forest Concession (which includes Danum Valley), Lower Kinabatangan, and Damarakot-Tangkulap (Foose & van Strien, 1997). Implementation of public education programs and consideration to create buffer zone should be encouraged likewise (Foose & van Strien, 1997). Researches to locate further breeding populations as well as other isolated individuals shall also be conducted in both Sabah and Sarawak (Foose & van Strien, 1997). However, the current protection and research for the species, as well as the penalisation which imposed to rhino poaching under the Fauna Conservation Ordinance 1963 remained inadequate in Sabah (Foose & van Strien, 1997).
Sabah Rhinoceros Action Plan (2012-2016)
Sabah Rhinoceros Action Plan (2012-2016) focusing on 5 main actions to protect and conserve the remaining population of rhino in Sabah. First, the plan working towards zero poaching considering major wildlife trade “players” and trapping of rhinos, including minimising illegal encroachment into rhino habitats and penalising individuals that set up snares (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Secondly, Borneo Rhino Sanctuary (BRS), a managed and fenced facility to gather rhinos to boost breeding with constant monitoring and care, shall also be established (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Thirdly, the plan suggests a continuing monitoring of rhinos via camera trapping and footprints (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). The plan also recommends researches on population and distribution of rhinos to be conducted and its data to be analysed, including rhino reports at all sites relating to the rescue for translocation to be investigated (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Other form of actions are rhino registry and management decision tree by including and providing available information on both wild and captive rhinos to decide best management, which largely based on the concept of maintaining the caught rhinos and evaluating the captive condition; and build capacity of staff and funding (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c). Notwithstanding that, the plan shall ensure best use of all rescued, captive and appeared to be non-reproductive rhinos to contribute to the species survival (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011c).
Malayan tiger
National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (2008-2020)
The goal of National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (2008-2020) is to ensure better management of Tiger populations at carrying capacities in Central Forest Spine (CFS) and its connectivity is secured with corridors (Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, 2008). The plan is targeting about 1, 000 wild tigers surviving on wild prey in CFS by 2020 (Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, 2008). The plan lays out actions to be taken during Phase I (2008-2015) to secure viable tiger populations and work towards tiger human coexistence (DWNP, 2008). MYCAT provides a platform for information exchange, collaboration, and resource consolidation among the conservation partners (DWNP, 2008). The results from the evaluation of Phase I (2008-2015) will help in the set up of the work plan for Phase II (2016-2020) (DWNP, 2008). The MYCAT Working Group meets quarterly to update information and status of their respective tiger work, discuss relevant issues or joint projects and share technical advice (DWNP, 2008). The objectives of the plan are to secure CFS with strictly protected priority areas connected with corridors, including the identification and management of tiger habitats outside the priority areas (DWNP, 2008). Secondly, the plan also provides protection of tigers and their prey via enhancement on wildlife legislation and regulatory protection of key prey species, as well as improvement in anti-poaching patrol of priority areas (DWNP, 2008). Thirdly, the plan implements ecologically sound land-use in current and potential Human-Tiger Conflict (HTC) areas and forest reserves, introduces Better Management Practices (BMPs), better awareness programmes and a sustainable financing mechanism to mitigate HTC (DWNP, 2008). The plan also aims to apply science research to evaluate the efficacy of existing conservation actions and improving the knowledge relating to tiger to be utilised to support education and empowerment to the public in tiger conservation (DWNP, 2008).
The goal of National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (2008-2020) is to ensure better management of Tiger populations at carrying capacities in Central Forest Spine (CFS) and its connectivity is secured with corridors (Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, 2008). The plan is targeting about 1, 000 wild tigers surviving on wild prey in CFS by 2020 (Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, 2008). The plan lays out actions to be taken during Phase I (2008-2015) to secure viable tiger populations and work towards tiger human coexistence (DWNP, 2008). MYCAT provides a platform for information exchange, collaboration, and resource consolidation among the conservation partners (DWNP, 2008). The results from the evaluation of Phase I (2008-2015) will help in the set up of the work plan for Phase II (2016-2020) (DWNP, 2008). The MYCAT Working Group meets quarterly to update information and status of their respective tiger work, discuss relevant issues or joint projects and share technical advice (DWNP, 2008). The objectives of the plan are to secure CFS with strictly protected priority areas connected with corridors, including the identification and management of tiger habitats outside the priority areas (DWNP, 2008). Secondly, the plan also provides protection of tigers and their prey via enhancement on wildlife legislation and regulatory protection of key prey species, as well as improvement in anti-poaching patrol of priority areas (DWNP, 2008). Thirdly, the plan implements ecologically sound land-use in current and potential Human-Tiger Conflict (HTC) areas and forest reserves, introduces Better Management Practices (BMPs), better awareness programmes and a sustainable financing mechanism to mitigate HTC (DWNP, 2008). The plan also aims to apply science research to evaluate the efficacy of existing conservation actions and improving the knowledge relating to tiger to be utilised to support education and empowerment to the public in tiger conservation (DWNP, 2008).
Asian elephant
National Elephant Conservation Action Plan (NECAP) [Please visit here and click PELAN followed by NECAP to download the file]
The National Elephant Conservation Action Plan (NECAP) aims to increase elephant population; minimise the threats to Asian elephants; and found the best practices in regulating and monitoring its population and habitats which ultimately encourage human elephant coexistence in ecological functional landscapes (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013). This plan only covers all of Peninsular Malaysia and it does not cover issues related to elephants in zoos, circuses, or elephant camps except in those circumstances where the management of captive elephants affects the conservation and management of wild elephants (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013). However, NECAP is in a participatory manner through a series of workshops and discussions with NGOs (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013).
Sabah Elephant Action Plan (2012-2016)
The Sabah Elephant Action Plan (2012-2016) recommends to establish Bornean Elephant Conservation Alliance (BECA) for better communication and collaboration between partners involved in elephant conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). BECA shall establish Sabah Elephant Conservation Unit and Bornean Elephant Sanctuary (BES); work towards peaceful HEC mitigation techniques; promote awareness; identify problem areas; and continuous update of the elephant situation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). BES aims to house orphaned, displaced or injured wild elephants for translocation back to natural habitat (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The sending of elephants to areas outside Sabah will not be considered, unless it is part of a government-to-government initiative and with the State Cabinet's approval (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also suggests to gazette Lower Kinabatangan, North Kinabatangan, Tabin, and Central Sabah as Managed Elephant Ranges (MERs) with proper monitoring system (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Other areas with viable populations (at least 50 breeding elephants, translating into a total population of 125-150 elephants) shall be declared as MERs likewise (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). In MERs, corridors between MERs shall be created (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a).
In addition, the plan suggests to inform relevant authorities related to the action plan; submit special EIA related to elephant issues; implement recommendations to reduce HEC; restore damaged elephant migratory routes; and implement best management practices and sustainable production of palm oil and oil palm products (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also encourages research, dissemination of research results and subsequently help to create a database (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also recommends the inculcation of the value of the species into tourism which can aid the local community development projects (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Guidelines for tourism activities, responsible behaviour for tour guides and tourists are also much in need to minimize the negative impacts of tourism to elephants (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Public awareness and education on the importance of elephants protection are also crucial, including issues relating zero poaching and legal culling by SWD when human life is threatened (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also encourages the implementation of sustainable financing mechanisms for elephant conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The outcomes of the plan are to amend the status of the Bornean elephant in Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The ultimate goal of the plan is to concentrate on practical and adaptive conservation actions for the long term survival of the species (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a).
The National Elephant Conservation Action Plan (NECAP) aims to increase elephant population; minimise the threats to Asian elephants; and found the best practices in regulating and monitoring its population and habitats which ultimately encourage human elephant coexistence in ecological functional landscapes (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013). This plan only covers all of Peninsular Malaysia and it does not cover issues related to elephants in zoos, circuses, or elephant camps except in those circumstances where the management of captive elephants affects the conservation and management of wild elephants (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013). However, NECAP is in a participatory manner through a series of workshops and discussions with NGOs (Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia, 2013).
Sabah Elephant Action Plan (2012-2016)
The Sabah Elephant Action Plan (2012-2016) recommends to establish Bornean Elephant Conservation Alliance (BECA) for better communication and collaboration between partners involved in elephant conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). BECA shall establish Sabah Elephant Conservation Unit and Bornean Elephant Sanctuary (BES); work towards peaceful HEC mitigation techniques; promote awareness; identify problem areas; and continuous update of the elephant situation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). BES aims to house orphaned, displaced or injured wild elephants for translocation back to natural habitat (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The sending of elephants to areas outside Sabah will not be considered, unless it is part of a government-to-government initiative and with the State Cabinet's approval (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also suggests to gazette Lower Kinabatangan, North Kinabatangan, Tabin, and Central Sabah as Managed Elephant Ranges (MERs) with proper monitoring system (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Other areas with viable populations (at least 50 breeding elephants, translating into a total population of 125-150 elephants) shall be declared as MERs likewise (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). In MERs, corridors between MERs shall be created (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a).
In addition, the plan suggests to inform relevant authorities related to the action plan; submit special EIA related to elephant issues; implement recommendations to reduce HEC; restore damaged elephant migratory routes; and implement best management practices and sustainable production of palm oil and oil palm products (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also encourages research, dissemination of research results and subsequently help to create a database (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also recommends the inculcation of the value of the species into tourism which can aid the local community development projects (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Guidelines for tourism activities, responsible behaviour for tour guides and tourists are also much in need to minimize the negative impacts of tourism to elephants (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). Public awareness and education on the importance of elephants protection are also crucial, including issues relating zero poaching and legal culling by SWD when human life is threatened (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The plan also encourages the implementation of sustainable financing mechanisms for elephant conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The outcomes of the plan are to amend the status of the Bornean elephant in Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a). The ultimate goal of the plan is to concentrate on practical and adaptive conservation actions for the long term survival of the species (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011a).
Malayan tapir
Malays Tapir Conservation Workshop (2003)
Malays Tapir Conservation Workshop (2003) was held to discuss and encourage the protection and conservation of species and habitat which includes the identification of Tapir priority habitats and threats reduction (Medici et al., 2003; Momin Khan, 1997). In specific, conservation priorities focusing on awareness campaign; dissemination of knowledge and information resulted from study related to the aspects of demographic and genetic diversity of Tapir; and implementation of landscape planning and land use planning (Medici et al., 2003; Momin Khan, 1997). Furthermore, the establishment of incentives and support for staffs through communication strategies, training and meeting relating to in-situ and ex-situ conservation shall also be prioritised (Medici et al., 2003).
Malays Tapir Conservation Workshop (2003) was held to discuss and encourage the protection and conservation of species and habitat which includes the identification of Tapir priority habitats and threats reduction (Medici et al., 2003; Momin Khan, 1997). In specific, conservation priorities focusing on awareness campaign; dissemination of knowledge and information resulted from study related to the aspects of demographic and genetic diversity of Tapir; and implementation of landscape planning and land use planning (Medici et al., 2003; Momin Khan, 1997). Furthermore, the establishment of incentives and support for staffs through communication strategies, training and meeting relating to in-situ and ex-situ conservation shall also be prioritised (Medici et al., 2003).
Orangutan
Sabah Orangutan Action Plan (2012-2016)
[Please visit http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/24377541/1392391814550/Sabah_Orangutan_Action_Plan_2012-2016.pdf?token=itFn6y6uEStZE0EMNELTS98GC0k%3D to download the file or contact us]
The goal of Sabah Orangutan Action Plan (2012-2016) is to maintain the continued existence of viable orangutan populations with zero-killing policy (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). The plan recommends the establishment of “Sabah Orangutan Alliance” (SOCA) to improve communication and collaboration between parties involved in orangutan conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Sustainable forest management practices, including prohibition of orang-utan habitats being converted into industrial tree or agricultural plantations and improvement on current agricultural practices, shall be implemented to secure orangutan habitats (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Forest fragments shall be connected through wildlife corridors or other connectivity schemes as deemed necessary (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Besides that, the rescue, rehabilitation, release and post-release monitoring of orang-utan are also crucial under this plan (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). However, orangutans should not be relocated outside of the island (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). The plan also suggests the drafting of guidelines/policies for sustainable and responsible orangutan tourism to ensure the generated benefits go directly to support local community development projects (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Other than that, studies on this species in man-made landscape shall be conducted together with the dissemination of materials to enhance public awareness about orang-utan conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b).
[Please visit http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/24377541/1392391814550/Sabah_Orangutan_Action_Plan_2012-2016.pdf?token=itFn6y6uEStZE0EMNELTS98GC0k%3D to download the file or contact us]
The goal of Sabah Orangutan Action Plan (2012-2016) is to maintain the continued existence of viable orangutan populations with zero-killing policy (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). The plan recommends the establishment of “Sabah Orangutan Alliance” (SOCA) to improve communication and collaboration between parties involved in orangutan conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Sustainable forest management practices, including prohibition of orang-utan habitats being converted into industrial tree or agricultural plantations and improvement on current agricultural practices, shall be implemented to secure orangutan habitats (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Forest fragments shall be connected through wildlife corridors or other connectivity schemes as deemed necessary (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Besides that, the rescue, rehabilitation, release and post-release monitoring of orang-utan are also crucial under this plan (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). However, orangutans should not be relocated outside of the island (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). The plan also suggests the drafting of guidelines/policies for sustainable and responsible orangutan tourism to ensure the generated benefits go directly to support local community development projects (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b). Other than that, studies on this species in man-made landscape shall be conducted together with the dissemination of materials to enhance public awareness about orang-utan conservation (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2011b).
Malayan sun bear
Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan
Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan focuses to the basic research on the status, ecology, biology, food habits, and distribution of the sun bear (Servheen, n.d.). However, site-specific methods to examine the distribution, density and the impacts resulted from changes to the forest landscapes on sun bear populations are much needed (Servheen, n.d.). This is because deforestation changes the distribution and abundance of sun bear foods (Servheen, n.d.). Research about the status, biology and adaptation of sun bear to this land conversion should be encouraged and made available to the public (Servheen, n.d.).
Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan focuses to the basic research on the status, ecology, biology, food habits, and distribution of the sun bear (Servheen, n.d.). However, site-specific methods to examine the distribution, density and the impacts resulted from changes to the forest landscapes on sun bear populations are much needed (Servheen, n.d.). This is because deforestation changes the distribution and abundance of sun bear foods (Servheen, n.d.). Research about the status, biology and adaptation of sun bear to this land conversion should be encouraged and made available to the public (Servheen, n.d.).
Sea turtle
National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles
The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles aims to protect and conserve the population of sea turtles and its habitats, including enhancement on scientific research to improve knowledge and understanding about the species, as well as to increase public awareness on the importance of sea turtle conservation and public participation in conservation activities (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2008). Priorities focusing on the banning of commercial sale and consumption of turtle eggs, increment of success hatching rate of eggs incubation, amend national legislation accordingly, establish turtle sanctuaries, protect and restore degraded nesting beaches as well as to monitor turtle conservation related activities (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2008).
The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles aims to protect and conserve the population of sea turtles and its habitats, including enhancement on scientific research to improve knowledge and understanding about the species, as well as to increase public awareness on the importance of sea turtle conservation and public participation in conservation activities (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2008). Priorities focusing on the banning of commercial sale and consumption of turtle eggs, increment of success hatching rate of eggs incubation, amend national legislation accordingly, establish turtle sanctuaries, protect and restore degraded nesting beaches as well as to monitor turtle conservation related activities (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2008).
Shark
National Plan of Action for The Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan 2)
Malaysia also implements the National Plan of Action for The Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan 2). The purposes of the plan are to ensure sustainable catches of sharks and rays; determine threats to sharks and rays population and protect their habitats; and develop framework for stakeholders consultation involving research, management and education (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). In specific, authorities shall encourage research and the utilisation of Elasmobranch catches; change the negative perception on sharks and rays; intensify capacity building; improve awareness, conservation and law enforcement (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). Interestingly, the negative perception on sharks and rays due to documentaries showing live sharks being thrown back to sea after they are finned had caused misconception on catching and utilization of sharks (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). In other words, this plan should reflect the true picture of the full utilization of sharks and rays (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014).
Malaysia also implements the National Plan of Action for The Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan 2). The purposes of the plan are to ensure sustainable catches of sharks and rays; determine threats to sharks and rays population and protect their habitats; and develop framework for stakeholders consultation involving research, management and education (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). In specific, authorities shall encourage research and the utilisation of Elasmobranch catches; change the negative perception on sharks and rays; intensify capacity building; improve awareness, conservation and law enforcement (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). Interestingly, the negative perception on sharks and rays due to documentaries showing live sharks being thrown back to sea after they are finned had caused misconception on catching and utilization of sharks (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014). In other words, this plan should reflect the true picture of the full utilization of sharks and rays (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014).
Resources
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